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| Linux Security: Tips, Tricks, and Hackery 05-July-2004 |
| Published by Onsight, Inc. Edition |
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| http://www.hackinglinuxexposed.com/articles/20040705.html |
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SSH Users beware: The hazards of X11 forwarding
By Brian Hatch
Summary: Logging into another machine can compromise your desktop...
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The last two articles have discussed the security model of X11, the
guts behind Linux window managers and all things graphical.[1]
Essentially, if you can contact the X11 server process, you can do
anything you want to it, such as sniffing all keystrokes, dumping or
manipulating windows, etc.
In order to access the server, you must have two things:
1. The MIT Magic Cookie that the server requires, if any. (Most
distros set up X11 to require these, which is good.)
2. Access to the X11 server's socket, be it a network TCP socket or
a unix domain socket.
In my previous examples, I showed you how you can satisfy these
requirements by being root on the machine on which the X11 server is
running. I got lots of hate mail because of it, with arguments like
the following:
"But if they already have root, the game is lost!"
"I don't let anyone on my machine, so it's a moot point!"
"I don't have sshd running, so how could they get in anyway?"
These are all valid (and anticipated) statements. Here's where I get
to say "Trust me, I was getting somewhere important..."
Enter SSH, a wonderful encrypted remote login/file transfer/port
forwarding/you name it protocol. You probably use it when you log
into to other Linux machines, such as your shell server, email
account, etc.[2]
SSH has the ability to tunnel X11 connections through it - this
feature is called X11 Forwarding. In brief, if you are on your
desktop attached to an X11 display (you can run xclock for example)
then when you SSH to a different machine, it can tunnel X11 over the
connection. You can run graphical X11 applications on the remote
machine, but they display back on your desktop.
Here's the nitty gritty: upon logging into the remote system, the ssh
server process binds a TCP port (let's say 6010), creates you an MIT
Magic Cookie on the server by running xauth, and then sets the
$DISPLAY environment variable to point to it's port (for example
$DISPLAY=localhost:10.0 [3]) When you run an X11 application, it
reads the $DISPLAY variable, connects to the X11 server (in this case
the sshd process on the remote system) and provides the magic cookie
(by reading ~/.Xauthority). sshd verifies the cookie, and passes he
data back to the ssh process on your desktop over the encrypted link.
ssh on your desktop then forwards the data to the actual X11 server
on your desktop, using the desktop's cookie.
Now all of this happens behind the scenes -- all you notice is that
you log into the remote machine, and when you run an X11 application,
the window appears on your desktop. This is cool, this is great, this
is secure - encrypted from end to end.[4]
But even though the X11 application is secure, you've opened up a new
vulnerability. If someone on the server can read your ~/.Xauthority
file (hopefully only root, but if you have bad file permissions
you're in trouble), and can connect to the port that sshd has bound
(which anyone can) then they can access your desktop's X11 server,
even if they're not anywhere near you!
Let's reiterate: if you log in via SSH to a remote server with X11
forwarding, root on that server can access your desktop, sniff your
keystrokes, abuse your windows, you name it. If you have bad
permissions on your ~/.Xauthority file, then anyone on that server
can control your desktop.
OpenSSH used to have X11 forwarding enabled by default, but luckily
newer versions have luckily changed this. Unfortunately, some Linux
distributions still enable it by default in the global /etc/ssh/
ssh_config file.[5] This means that any time you SSH to another
machine, that machine's administrators could attack you. Not good,
definitely not good.
Now is this something that occurs in the real world? Heck yes -- I've
seen more than one free shell account provider with unethical
administrators who used this feature to snoop passwords and other
information addresses. Again, you may point out that they can already
gather any of this data sent to the machine you've logged into. But
the fact they can access keystrokes that are never going to their
server at all is a very different and worrisome situation.
So, when should you enable X11 forwarding? Only when you really
really need to, and only to machines which you trust. In addition, if
you must perform actions outside the X11 application (for example
opening up a different terminal and logging in somewhere) you can
enable the 'secure keyboard' feature of some programs (for example
hitting 'ctrl right-button' in xterm and selecting the first option)
to keep your keystrokes from being available to anything but that one
window. But a malicious user could still perform all of the other
tricks discussed last time, such as getting screenshots of those
secure windows.
It's best to enable X11 forwarding manually, ssh to the other system,
run your X11 application, and log out as soon as possible.
To turn off X11 forwarding by default, add the following to the
bottom of your ~/.ssh/config file, or the global /etc/ssh/ssh_config
file:
Host *
ForwardX11 no
ForwardAgent no
(Note: the last line also disables the SSH Agent forwarding - you can
probably guess why that's a bad idea at this point.)
If you need to have X11 forwarding for a connection, run ssh with the
-X flag, for example:
$ ssh -X server /usr/bin/display filename.jpg
Following this method, you'll never accidentally log in with SSH X11
Forwarding enabled.
SSH X11 Forwarding is a wonderful thing when you need it - it's much
better than sending your connections back to your desktop in the
clear - but you need to understand that you open your entire
environment up to any attacker on the server. Use it wisely and
sparingly.
NOTES:
[1] Ok, tis true, there are some things that let you have graphics
even in plain text TTYs, such as w3m, the greatest text based web
browser in the world. If you never go into X11, you can stop reading
this article now.
[2] From my desktop alone, I have 45 outbound SSH connections at the
time I write this. Probably half of those are to bounce through
firewalls and are running multiple SSH sessions via screen. Thank
goodness for SSH -- I don't know how all those point-and-click users
administer their machines.
[3] Why is it localhost:10.0 instead of localhost:6010? Normally, the
first X11 display is on port 6000, the next on port 6001, which get
abbreviated as :0, :1 and so on. SSH binds higher than the number of
actual physical displays that are expected (very few desktops run
more than one X11 display, much less nine of them) which is why it
starts at 6010 and works it's way up.
[4] Those who try this over anything but a LAN connection will also
note that this is slow... X11 can use a lot of bandwidth.
[5] Just to be more confusing, some disable X11 forwarding on the
server by default, which means the user has no ability to use it even
if they want to, even though this could only be used to attack the
user, not the server. Very weird -- I don't grasp the logic here.
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Brian Hatch is Chief Hacker at Onsight, Inc and author of Hacking
Linux Exposed and Building Linux VPNs. He looks back on his college
days of playing xtank at 3am and wonders "Did anyone steal my
passwords when we all ran 'xhost +' " ? Brian can be reached at
brian@private
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Copyright 2004, Brian Hatch.
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