[IWAR] BIO cow cloning & pharmaceuticals

From: 7Pillars Partners (partnersat_private)
Date: Tue Jan 20 1998 - 10:21:46 PST

  • Next message: 7Pillars Partners: "[IWAR] TAIWAN/CHINA talks sitrep"

    osted at 9:15 a.m. PST Tuesday, January 20, 1998 
       
                       Holy cow! Cloning could lead to udder drugs
                                            
       BOSTON (AP) -- Researchers announced today that they have successfully
       cloned two identical, genetically engineered calves, a step that could
       lead to the mass production of drugs for humans in cows' milk.
       
       Named George and Charlie, the male calves born last week were created
       through a combination of cloning and genetic engineering by Dr. James
       Robl at the University of Massachusetts and Dr. Steven Stice of Advanced
       Cell Technology Inc.
       
       They were to detail their findings at the International Embryo Transfer
       Society meeting today.
       
       The calves aren't the first animal clones with altered genes -- lambs
       Molly and Polly have a human gene expected to make them produce a
       protein helpful in blood clotting. But even Dr. Ian Wilmut, the Scottish
       researcher who genetically engineered the lambs loopb and the now-famous
       Dolly, acknowledged that drug-making cows could be more valuable because
       cows produce much more milk than sheep.
       
       Researchers said the calves mark the most viable step so far toward
       ``pharming'' -- developing pharmaceuticals using farm animals.
       
       ``It's a big deal,'' said Mark Westhusin, a researcher at Texas A&M
       University. ``This technology has the potential to be a lot morefficient
    than the technology that we have now.''
       
       The calves were born at a ranch in Texas.
       
       George and Charlie contain two genetic alterations -- a ``marker'' gene
       and one that made cells resistant to an antibiotic. Those markers have
       shown up everywhere, from the blood to the spleen to the bones.
       
       The UMass researchers haven't produced a cow that can produce a drug,
       but that next step could be coming soon. The researchers said they have
       pregnant cows carrying female fetuses that have been altered to produce
       milk with the human serum albumin, a protein essential to the blood that
       is widely used by hospitals.
       
       Advanced Cell Technology, the company founded by the researchers,
       already has a deal with Genzyme Transgenics Corp. of Framingham to
       produce albumin.
       
       ``We've taken a significant step toward making this commercially
       viable,'' Robl said.
       
       Robl said the technique his team used to clone the calves was a
       variation on the nuclear transfer process Wilmut used last year to clone
       Dolly the sheep, the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.
       
       But Stice said unlike the method used with sheep, cloning the calves did
       not require surgery and was relatively quick.
       
       In nuclear transfer, scientists remove the nucleus from an egg and
       replace it with the nucleus from another cell. The egg is then placed
       into the uterus of a surrogate mother that gives birth to an offspring
       that has only the genes of the original cell.
       
       But the process can require at least two surgeries. The UMass
       researchers said the genetically altered eggs they used were grown in a
       laboratory, then inserted into the uterus without surgery.
       
       Another researcher on the team, Jose Bernardo Cibelli, said the team's
       technique takes cells that have already differentiated to produce a
       specific type of tissue -- muscle, for example -- and brings them back
       to the state where they can divide and form every type of cell in the
       body.
       
       Robl and Stice say that process could lead to the ability to produce
       cells that can be transferred into humans to treat such diseases at
       Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
       
       ``The cells that we use are very easy to program, very easy to
       genetically alter,'' Robl said.
       
       The lambs Molly and Polly, born in July, differ from Dolly in that they
       were cloned from the cell of a sheep fetus, not an adult animal. The
       sheep will be tested this spring to see if their milk produces useful
       quantities of factor IX, a protein that helps blood clot.
       
       It is hoped that the factor IX could be extracted from the milk and used
       to treat patients with hemophilia, an inherited bleeding disorder in
       which the blood lacks the ability to clot.
       
       ``Obviously, I'm delighted that the nuclear transfer technology is very
       robust,'' Wilmut said upon learning of the cloned calves.
       
       Neither the lambs nor the calves are absolute pioneers.
       
       Other techniques have been used to reap drugs for the treatment of
       cystic fibrosis and heart attacks from the milk of genetically
       engineered sheep or goats. These animals, however, were produced by
       injecting genes into a fertilized egg and then implanting the egg in a
       surrogate mother, a technique less efficient than cloning.
       
       Only about 2 percent of such eggs grow to live animals and only a small
       percentage of the survivors actually contain the target genes.
       
       Scientists at the conference, many of whom are researching animal
       cloning, said the arrival of George and Charlie has been much
       anticipated.
       
       ``It's not Dolly, but it's a substantial contribution,'' said Dr. Caird
       Rexroad, the society president. ``We've all been awaiting more
       information on what you can do with cattle. A cow can make a tremendous
       amount of protein.'' [INLINE]
       [INLINE]
       Return to top[ISMAP]-This image allows you to access site resources
       1997 - 1998 Mercury Center. The information you receive online from
       Mercury Center is protected by the copyright laws of the United States.
       The copyright laws prohibit any copying, redistributing, retransmitting,
       or repurposing of any copyright-protected material.
    



    This archive was generated by hypermail 2b30 : Fri Apr 13 2001 - 13:01:40 PDT