RISKS-LIST: Risks-Forum Digest Thursday 11 September 2008 Volume 25 : Issue 32 ACM FORUM ON RISKS TO THE PUBLIC IN COMPUTERS AND RELATED SYSTEMS (comp.risks) Peter G. Neumann, moderator, chmn ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy ***** See last item for further information, disclaimers, caveats, etc. ***** This issue is archived at <http://www.risks.org> as <http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/25.32.html> The current issue can be found at <http://www.csl.sri.com/users/risko/risks.txt> Contents: Google revives 6-year-old news story, sends United shared down 75% (Steven J Klein, Drew Dean, Scott Nicol) How Steve Jobs' obit got published (Philip Elmer-DeWitt via Monty Solomon) Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the U.S. (John Markoff via Monty Solomon) Global Trail of an Online Crime Ring (Brad Stone via Monty Solomon) Automated Bill Payments Are a Cinch: Not So Fast (Ron Lieber via Monty Solomon) Hackers prepare supermarket sweep (Gabe Goldberg) Antivirus software in critical systems? (Erling Kristiansen) Re: States throw out costly electronic voting machines (Peter Houppermans, Jim Haynes) Risks of GPS Devices that we had Not Previously Heard Of (Mark Brader) Over-reliance on automated real estate valuation (Jeremy Epstein) Re: Control-Z vs. Bourne-Again SHell (David Chau) Re: Weird Clock Issue - a single bit error (Chris Smith, Mark Lutton, Amos Shapir) Re: Bruce Schneier on Airport Photo ID Checks (Andy Piper, Amos Shapir) Re: Risks of better security and "smarter" users (Dag-Erling Smørgrav, Ron Garret) Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 16:24:28 -0400 From: Steven J Klein <steveklein_at_private> Subject: Google revives 6-year-old news story, sends United shared down 75% An unfortunate series of events: 1. In 2002, UAL (parent company of United Airlines) filed for bankruptcy, an event covered at the time by the Chicago Tribune. 2. The story was in the database of the Sun Sentinel, a Florida newspaper owned by the same company.. 3. This last Saturday, lots of people (for reasons unknown) viewed the story on the Sun Sentinel's website. 4. Enough people viewed the story that it appeared in their list of "Popular Stories: Business." That list is automatically generated based on page-views. 5. Google's News crawler saw the link in the "Popular Stories" list. The current date, September 8, 2008, appeared on the web page with the story. The story itself carried no date. 6. Users of Google's "email alert" service who had requested stories mentioning UAL were sent links to the story. Also, anyone searching Google News for "UAL" or "United Airlines" would have seen a link to the story. 7. The UAL story was circulated by Income Securities Advisors Inc., a stock research firm that publishes reports on the Bloomberg L.P., financial-news service. 8. On Monday, September 8, at approximately 10:45AM, a headline from the report flashed across Bloomberg screens. 9. In the next 15 minutes, UAL shares in UAL dropped from almost $12.50/share to just $3, before trading was halted. At least one block of 100 shares traded at 1 cent per share, though that trade was later voided. Eventually UAL put out a press release clarifying that the story was almost 6 years old, and that they were not in bankruptcy. Later that day the stock (mostly) recovered to over $10/share. This could be a very clever method of market manipulation. If spammers sent out millions of messages with links to the story, and just a small fraction of recipients clicked the link, the story could easily move to the "popular stories" list. Or perhaps hackers controlling botnets just directed the computers they control to send a request to the server to load the story. Among the risks I can spot (no doubt I'm missing some): A. The story was undated, making it appear current. Possible solution: The automated system that adds stories to the database could include the date the story was added to the database. B. The story was automatically spread by lots of systems doing exactly what they're supposed to do. C. Neither Income Securities Advisors nor Bloomberg have humans fact-check these automated stories. The story was widely covered. I learned about it here: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122100794359017593.html Steven J Klein, Your Mac & PC Expert (248) YOUR-MAC or (248) 968-7622 ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 23:09:56 -0700 From: Drew Dean <ddean_at_private> Subject: Google revives 6-year-old news story, sends United shared down 75% There are (at least) two interesting points here: (1) The current mystery is why this article became "popular" in the first place? How many HTTP requests did that take? Are the User-Agent: headers identical (in which case one should suspect a botnet) or not (which does not rule out a botnet, of course)? How are the IP addresses of requesters distributed? What time interval did the requests arrive in? (2) What we really have here is a failure of composition: Google didn't see a date on the article, so picked up the date on the web site's front page -- something that the web site author didn't intend to imply the date of content linked to from the front page. Oops. Both parties did a reasonable thing, but the composition turned out to be completely unreasonable. ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 10 Sep 2008 13:51:55 -0400 From: "Scott Nicol" <scott.nicol_at_private> Subject: Google revives 6-year-old news story, sends United shared down 75% Tribune, Bloomberg and Google unite to clobber United A nice summary of the events, followed by Google's and Tribune's take on what happened. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/08/AR2008090803063.html?hpid=moreheadlines http://googlenewsblog.blogspot.com/2008/09/update-on-united-airlines-story.html http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/09-09-2008/0004882072&EDATE= ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 13:50:06 -0400 From: Monty Solomon <monty_at_private> Subject: How Steve Jobs' obit got published (Philip Elmer-DeWitt's blog) Philip Elmer-DeWitt, How Steve Jobs' obit got published, 28 Aug 2008 The first rule of publishing is that anything that can go wrong, will go wrong. (A corollary favored at *Time Magazine*, where I labored for nearly three decades, is that all copy is guilty until proved otherwise.) None of this excuses, but it does help explain, how Bloomberg News managed to publish an obituary on Wednesday afternoon of Apple (AAPL) CEO Steve Jobs, who is still quite alive. Advance work on famous figures' obits is nothing new, and given Jobs' well-publicized brush with pancreatic cancer four years ago and recent concerns about his weight loss, it's understandable that Bloomberg might choose this moment to update its piece on Jobs, although the version that got published contains no details about his health that weren't already in the public record. According to a Bloomberg spokesperson, however, it was a routine update of the kind regularly performed by the obit department. ... http://apple20.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2008/08/28/how-steve-jobs-obit-got-published/ [Boomberg or Bustberg? PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 30 Aug 2008 01:05:33 -0400 From: Monty Solomon <monty_at_private> Subject: Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the U.S. (John Markoff) [Source: John Markoff, *The New York Times*, 30 Aug 2008] The era of the American Internet is ending. Invented by American computer scientists during the 1970s, the Internet has been embraced around the globe. During the network's first three decades, most Internet traffic flowed through the United States. In many cases, data sent between two locations within a given country also passed through the United States. Engineers who help run the Internet said that it would have been impossible for the United States to maintain its hegemony over the long run because of the very nature of the Internet; it has no central point of control. And now, the balance of power is shifting. Data is increasingly flowing around the United States, which may have intelligence - and conceivably military - consequences. ... http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/business/30pipes.html?partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 10:33:32 -0400 From: Monty Solomon <monty_at_private> Subject: Global Trail of an Online Crime Ring (Brad Stone) Brad Stone, Global Trail of an Online Crime Ring, *The New York Times*, 12 Aug 2008 As an international ring of thieves plundered the credit card numbers of millions of Americans, investigators struggled to figure out who was orchestrating the crimes in the United States. When prosecutors unveiled indictments last week, they made a stunning admission: the culprit was, they said, their very own informant. Albert Gonzalez, 27, appeared to be a reformed hacker. To avoid prison time after being arrested in 2003, he had been helping federal agents identify his former cohorts in the online underworld where credit and debit card numbers are stolen, bought and sold. But on the sly, federal officials now say, Mr. Gonzalez was connecting with those same cohorts and continuing to ply his trade, using online pseudonyms - including "soupnazi" - that would be his undoing. As they tell it, Mr. Gonzalez had a central role in a loosely organized online crime syndicate that obtained tens of millions of credit and debit card numbers from nine of the biggest retailers in the United States. The indictments last week of 11 people involved in the group give a remarkably comprehensive picture of how the Internet is enabling new kinds of financial crimes on a vast international scale. In interviews over the last few days, investigators detailed how they had tracked Mr. Gonzalez and other members of a ring that extended from Ukraine, where a key figure bought and sold stolen numbers over the Internet, to Estonia, where a hacker infiltrated the servers of a Dallas-based restaurant chain. The criminals stored much of their data on computer servers in Latvia and Ukraine, and purchased blank debit and credit cards from confederates in China, which they imprinted with some of the stolen numbers for use in cash machines, investigators say. ... http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/12/technology/12theft.html?partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 30 Aug 2008 01:07:15 -0400 From: Monty Solomon <monty_at_private> Subject: Automated Bill Payments Are a Cinch: Not So Fast (Ron Lieber) [Source: Ron Lieber, YOUR MONEY: Automated Bill Payments Are a Cinch (Not So Fast), *The New York Times*, 30 Aug 2008] A few months ago, in my first column for this newspaper, I extolled the virtues of automated bill payments: Set them up once, let your utilities, phone and credit card companies pull what you owe from your bank account each month and never sit through the drudgery of a bill-paying session again. And boy, did you let me have it. I heard from a number of readers who thought I was out of my mind for suggesting that they send money out automatically each month or give billers unfettered access to their credit cards and bank accounts. Horror stories poured in, as well as several specific questions and concerns. So this week, we'll look at five reasons that people are wary of automating their financial lives this way. But first let's back up and define precisely what we're talking about. Until the 1990s, most of us were stuck writing a whole bunch of checks each month to pay our various bills. Then came the early Web-based bill payment systems, where we'd go to a bank or biller's Web site and push a few buttons to move money to the right places. Only more recently, however, has it become possible to pay each bill every month without lifting a finger. There are three basic ways to do this. You can give each biller permission to pull the full amount from your bank account. You can use the online bill system at your bank to push payments out automatically each month. Or you can charge every bill to your credit card and give only that card company permission to pull money from your bank account when the credit card bill is due. Each of these methods has its potential shortcomings, which will become clear as we march through the hiccups that can occur when automating your payments. ... http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/30/business/yourmoney/30money.html?partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 06:26:14 -0400 From: Gabe Goldberg <gabe_at_private> Subject: Hackers prepare supermarket sweep Self-checkout systems in UK supermarkets are being targeted by hi-tech criminals with stolen credit card details. A BBC investigation has unearthed a plan hatching online to loot US bank accounts via the checkout systems. Fake credit cards loaded with details from the accounts will be used to get cash or buy high value goods. The supermarkets targeted said there was little chance the fraudsters would make significant gains with their plan. With the help of computer security experts the BBC found a discussion on a card fraud website in which hi-tech thieves debated the best way to strip money from the US accounts. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7584258.stm ------------------------------ Date: Wed, 03 Sep 2008 19:00:56 +0200 From: Erling Kristiansen <erling.kristiansen_at_private> Subject: Antivirus software in critical systems? (Re: jared, RISKS-25.29) > [...There should be no need for anti-virus software in a > well-designed voting system. PGN] This is exactly a point I have been trying to make in several discussions about critical systems for satellite telemetry and telecommanding: If you think you need anti-virus software in a (safety) critical system, there is something wrong with your design. Such systems, and many other safety-critical systems, should not contain * known vectors for viruses and other malware * known targets for such malware Said differently, any data entering the system should be in a format YOU define, and should have no accommodations for importing executable code. And there should be no software in the system that will attempt to execute any imported files. So, no e-mail, no web servers or clients, no office packages, etc. Actually, if the system has to undergo some kind of certification, I wonder whether anti-virus software would be certifiable. Its behavior is, after all, dependent on virus definition files updated regularly, and originating from uncertified sources. Anti-virus scanners do have false positives (I have seen at least one), so they may accidentally flag legitimate data as malicious, and may endanger the proper operation of the system. The reaction I mostly get is something like : You might be right, but let's keep it just in case... Which means they didn't get the point. ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 10:56:24 +0200 From: Peter Houppermans <peter_at_private> Subject: Re: States throw out costly electronic voting machines (RISKS-25.30) Hmm, a lack of creativity here, methinks. Innocent question: no chance of supplying a few to researchers to see if an acceptable alternative can be developed? If a company has the choice between a. flogging dead stock b. trying to make something acceptable of the remnants (i.e. get at least a return on the junk) by developing a new approach that can be audited, is open and can be proven to be safe (assuming that such is possible) ... wouldn't that be an excellent argument to supply a few systems to researchers for better, open developments? I refuse to accept that such systems are completely useless. Maybe sponsoring of an open, auditable project would be a better investment of government and corporate funds than parking the lot forever or scrapping it, and even the Company Formerly Know As Diebold (we know who you were) could then at least retain some market value. Or is that a far too sensible idea? ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 17:05:41 -0500 (CDT) From: Jim Haynes <jhhaynes_at_private> Subject: Re: States throw out costly electronic voting machines (RISKS-25.30) It seems that what's needed here is for one of these jurisdictions to make some of the machines available to some public-spirited open source people, who could reverse engineer the thing and then write open source software that would make them perform correctly. ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 17:11:42 -0400 (EDT) From: msb_at_private (Mark Brader) Subject: Risks of GPS Devices that we had Not Previously Heard Of The instructions for a certain GPS device are excerpted in the October issue of Consumer Reports: When you are directed to press a key, you should press and quickly release the key. (You may need to be held down for a period of time to start a secondary function, when the instructions tell you to do so.) Mark Brader, Toronto, msb_at_private | "Fast, cheap, good: choose any two." [If you are held down long enough, you might have been a martyr with your Heldenleben (Heldownleben?). PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Sat, 30 Aug 2008 16:55:10 -0400 From: Jeremy Epstein <jeremy.j.epstein_at_private> Subject: Over-reliance on automated real estate valuation Background: most of the major lenders in the US are in deep financial trouble, and are trying to reduce their risks. One of the ways they're doing that is to cut back on HELOCs (Home Equity Line of Credit, aka "second mortgages") - telling existing customers that even though they have a loan that says they're allowed to draw against the equity in their house, the homeowner is no longer allowed to draw money out because (the lenders claim) the value of the house is no longer enough to support the loan amount. This is being done in a blanket fashion - hundreds of thousands of people are getting these letters, based on generalized trends, not individual assessments. My situation is similar to that of hundreds of thousands of other people, but I'm being bitten by the Automated Valuation Method (AVM) used by Homecomings Financial. Basically, they have a secret formula that gives a "value" to a house - and if you disagree with their conclusion, you have to pay for an appraisal to challenge it. In my case, I claim the value of the house is about $X, they say it's between 39% and 51% of $X (the most recent sale in my neighborhood was 1.1X, so I'm definitely in the right neighborhood). But because "the answer came from the computer", it's nearly impossible to fight - the ability of the paper-pushers to look beyond the computer has been taken away. I've recently been listening to some old Isaac Asimov Robot stories, where he talks about "the positronic machines" which make all of the financial decisions, including adjusting production, based on gathering every possible data point and even accounting for human desires to ignore the machines' instructions. At some point, the humans in the story become impossible of operating without the Machines, and no longer even understand how the Machines make their decisions. Dealing with Homecomings makes me think that Asimov's prediction has already come true, at least in some domains! ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2008 00:10:37 -0400 From: David Chau <davidchau_at_private> Subject: Re: Control-Z vs. Bourne-Again SHell (jidanni, RISKS-25.31) > $ sleep 55; launch_rocket > The problem is if one discovers a missing O-ring etc., then a Control-C > interrupt will not cancel the whole launch ... Next time use an && > operator instead of a ;. Unfortunately, && doesn't work so well either if one needs to temporarily put the launch on hold, but not abort it altogether: $ sleep 55 && launch_rocket <Control-Z> [1]+ Stopped sleep 55 $ fg ... Hey, how come my rocket's still sitting there? ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 1 Sep 2008 21:02:19 -0400 (Eastern Daylight Time) From: Chris Smith <smith_at_private> Subject: Re: Weird Clock Issue - a single bit error (RISKS-25.30) Steven Greenwald's radio synced clock error is not so weird once you understand more pieces of the puzzle. http://tf.nist.gov/timefreq/stations/wwvbtimecode.htm If you check the above site for the time code format used by WWVB, you will get the information you need to figure out the problem. The time code format uses a "day of the year" system, where days are counted from 1 to 365 during the regular year. August 18th, 2008 (a leap year - days will count to 366) is day 231. September 27th is day 271. The difference is 40 days, AND both days are in the same "100", and under 80 -- one date is between 00 and 39 and the other is between 40 and 79. Because WWVB uses a BCD representation, such a pattern means that the error corresponds to a single bit error. Normally, clocks will try some form of validation on the received data to prevent problems like this. They might try to receive several minutes worth of data and see if the results are consistent. If you read the spec carefully, you will see that this is necessary because there are no error detection capabilities in the format. Although this may seem like an oversight when you are used to internetworking protocols, it's much more common in the industrial design space, where designers may have a final budget of only half a dollar for all of the electronics in such a clock. It is certainly possible that your location (in Miami, FL - not close to Boulder, CO) and the storm create conditions sufficient to consistently have your clock read wrong by one bit. I expect that by this time, your clock is back to normal. [Also noted by F. Barry Mulligan. PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Fri, 29 Aug 2008 11:25:58 -0400 From: Mark Lutton <mlutton_at_private> Subject: Re: Weird Clock Issue (Greenwald RISKS-25.30) This happens frequently. The signal is transmitted by extremely-low- frequency radio, and if you are far from the nearest transmitter the signal can be faint or erratic. There is just barely enough bandwidth in the signal to send the time as a series of bits with no error correction and no redundancy. I've seen the wrong time and date on my own atomic clock. You should use a quartz clock (or a plug-in electric clock if your 60Hz house current is dependable enough) as your primary reference and set it once a day from the atomic clock but only if the time shown on the atomic clock is reasonable. Under no circumstances should any automated process be controlled directly by a radio atomic clock. ------------------------------ Date: Tue, 2 Sep 2008 18:08:23 +0300 From: Amos Shapir <amos083_at_private> Subject: Re: Weird Clock Issue (Greenwald, RISKS-25.30) This very subject had been discussed in RISKS-25.08; I quote my post (under the subject "Risks of Leap Years and Dumb Digital Watches", http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/25.08.html#subj14), about a similar device by LaCrosse: (...) It sets itself by listening to a radio time signal, so theoretically it should never have to be set at all, but every now and then it glitches and displays a wrong time, date or year; the difference is always a power of 2 in one of the digits, which looks like it's getting the data in some sort of BCD format, without any checksum or sanity check (which is not news on RISKS). I wonder how many critical installations are using the same chip. [What goes around comes around. That seems to be particularly true of nondigital clocks -- although not always correctly. PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Mon, 01 Sep 2008 13:53:40 +0100 From: Andy Piper <andy_at_private> Subject: Re: Bruce Schneier on Airport Photo ID Checks (RISKS-25.30) The method described for subverting online checkin procedures must be airport / carrier / destination dependent to a certain extent. I usually checkin online and the printed boarding pass invariably carries a barcode that is scanned at security. A quick peek at the screen appears to show my checkin information, so only a very lax official would miss differing names. This happens at least at SFO and LHR. [This is apparently a checkin-and-the-egg problem. I don't want to egg Andy on, but the boarding pass is usually scanned by the airline folks as you board the plane, not by security. The TSA security folks merely check that the name on the ID matches the name on the boarding pass. And that is the vulnerability that Bruce notes. Perhaps a computer program might later note a name mismatch when/if the name is linked by the airline to the barcode for the actual flight manifest, but the airline employee typically does not do this match -- not even at SFO. They typically just scan the barcode and reach for the next boarding pass to keep people moving. PGN] ------------------------------ Date: Sun, 31 Aug 2008 17:41:20 +0300 From: Amos Shapir <amos083_at_private> Subject: Re: Bruce Schneier on Airport Photo ID Checks (RISKS-25.30) The newly formed U.S. TSA has a serious problem: they have to supply Security, but they have no idea how (and it seems that they are unaware that nobody else does, either). But they do know that Security causes Harassment, and they do know how to do Harassment. So the obvious logic is, the more Harassment they'd do, the more Security will be produced. QED ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2008 09:48:42 +0200 From: =?utf-8?Q?Dag-Erling_Sm=C3=B8rgrav?= <des_at_private> Subject: Re: Risks of better security and "smarter" users (Garret, RISKS-25.30) Ron Garret <ron_at_private> writes: > 1. The web site used a secure authentication scheme that behaves almost > identically to a less secure scheme > > 2. I am familiar with the more common design of secure sites [...] Are you? Then surely, you're aware that the common form-based login method *also* sends your password in the clear? The HTTP "digest" method is the only purely HTTP / HTML authentication method that doesn't. I assume that you are also aware that this is all moot if the web site makes proper use of SSL. ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 11 Sep 2008 08:47:23 -0700 From: Ron Garret <ron_at_private> Subject: Re: Risks of better security and "smarter" users (Dag-Erling) > Are you? Then surely, you're aware that the common form-based login > method *also* sends your password in the clear? Yes. That is why sites use HTTPS, and users are trained to look for little padlock icons. > The HTTP "digest" method is the only purely HTTP / HTML authentication > method that doesn't. Yes. Notwithstanding, it is hardly ever used, and I think my experience may be one reason why. > I assume that you are also aware that this is all moot if the web site > makes proper use of SSL. That depends on your definition of "proper use." But yes, I am aware of all this, and I assumed that the article's readers would be as well, so I left out some details in the interest of parsimony. Perhaps I should not have. The user experience that surprised me was the following: 1. Restart my browser. Clear the cookie cache. 2. Go to the web site in question. Navigate to the page with the LOGIN link. This page was not secure. 3. Click on the LOGIN link, expecting to be taken to a secure page with a form to enter my credentials. I wasn't. Instead I was taken directly to my account information. This page was secure, but since I was not aware that my browser was silently accessing my keychain it appeared that I had just logged in without providing any credentials. The fact that the process started on an insecure page and ended on a secure one didn't seem relevant. ------------------------------ Date: Thu, 29 May 2008 07:53:46 -0900 From: RISKS-request_at_private Subject: Abridged info on RISKS (comp.risks) The ACM RISKS Forum is a MODERATED digest, with Usenet equivalent comp.risks. => SUBSCRIPTIONS: PLEASE read RISKS as a newsgroup (comp.risks or equivalent) if possible and convenient for you. The mailman web interface can be used directly to subscribe and unsubscribe: http://lists.csl.sri.com/mailman/listinfo/risks Alternatively, to subscribe or unsubscribe via e-mail to mailman your FROM: address, send a message to risks-request_at_private containing only the one-word text subscribe or unsubscribe. You may also specify a different receiving address: subscribe address= ... . You may short-circuit that process by sending directly to either risks-subscribe_at_private or risks-unsubscribe_at_private depending on which action is to be taken. Subscription and unsubscription requests require that you reply to a confirmation message sent to the subscribing mail address. Instructions are included in the confirmation message. Each issue of RISKS that you receive contains information on how to post, unsubscribe, etc. => The complete INFO file (submissions, default disclaimers, archive sites, copyright policy, etc.) is online. <http://www.CSL.sri.com/risksinfo.html> The full info file may appear now and then in RISKS issues. *** Contributors are assumed to have read the full info file for guidelines. => .UK users should contact <Lindsay.Marshall_at_private>. => SPAM challenge-responses will not be honored. Instead, use an alternative address from which you NEVER send mail! => SUBMISSIONS: to risks_at_private with meaningful SUBJECT: line. *** NOTE: Including the string "notsp" at the beginning or end of the subject *** line will be very helpful in separating real contributions from spam. *** This attention-string may change, so watch this space now and then. => ARCHIVES: ftp://ftp.sri.com/risks for current volume or ftp://ftp.sri.com/VL/risks for previous VoLume <http://www.risks.org> redirects you to Lindsay Marshall's Newcastle archive http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/VL.IS.html gets you VoLume, ISsue. Lindsay has also added to the Newcastle catless site a palmtop version of the most recent RISKS issue and a WAP version that works for many but not all telephones: http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/w/r <http://the.wiretapped.net/security/info/textfiles/risks-digest/> . ==> PGN's comprehensive historical Illustrative Risks summary of one liners: <http://www.csl.sri.com/illustrative.html> for browsing, <http://www.csl.sri.com/illustrative.pdf> or .ps for printing ==> Special Offer to Join ACM for readers of the ACM RISKS Forum: <http://www.acm.org/joinacm1> ------------------------------ End of RISKS-FORUM Digest 25.32 ************************Received on Thu Sep 11 2008 - 13:47:42 PDT
This archive was generated by hypermail 2.2.0 : Thu Sep 11 2008 - 14:12:37 PDT