[Last month I sent out a bibliography about jargon, by which I mean the systematic use of techniques from public relations to twist the language of political debate. Here is another edition that's twice as long and includes many important items that were missing from the original. You are welcome to pass it along to anyone who can use it. Some people don't like the word "jargon". I sometimes use the phrase "professionally twisted language", which is more accurate; unfortunately it has lots more syllables. So I'll use "jargon" until I can come up with something better.] =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= This message was forwarded through the Red Rock Eater News Service (RRE). You are welcome to send the message along to others but please do not use the "redirect" option. For information about RRE, including instructions for (un)subscribing, see http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/people/pagre/rre.html =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= Understanding Jargon: A Short Bibliography Phil Agre http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/ Version of 30 December 2001. Please forward this article to anyone who can use it. Americans are upset at the blizzard of irrational jargon that now substitutes for political discourse in the United States, and they increasingly recognize that it isn't going away until it is named and confronted. To that end, I have enclosed a short list of books about propaganda, public relations, ideology, and related topics. I've included books from several perspectives, including manuals for practitioners. If you want a single starting-place for your reading, I recommend the works of Robert Jackall. Jackall is an ethicist who does field studies and writes powerful books about the ethical nightmares he finds. I recommend his book "Moral Mazes" to students who are about to start working in the real world, and he has a recent book about the world of professionalized issue advocacy. Otherwise, there's something for everyone. People on the left will enjoy Alex Carey's excellent "Taking the Risk Out of Democracy", people on the right will enjoy Marvin Olasky's history of the public relations department at AT&T, those seeking a blood-curdling PR manual will enjoy Philip Lesly's "Overcoming Opposition", those wishing a more analytical approach to PR might consult James Grunig and Todd Hunt's "Managing Public Relations" (I've used it in teaching the subject myself -- it's a little dated but still useful), those seeking pure scandal will enjoy the works of Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, and those wishing to understand conservative policy campaigns might consult Jean Stefancic and Richard Delgado's "No Mercy". Also, here is a page that contains my own informal articles about the currently fashionable political jargon: http://dlis.gseis.ucla.edu/people/pagre/jargon.html It's in reverse chronological order, so if you don't want to relive the 2000 presidential election then you can skip down. Many of the articles on this page could use more work -- they're full of small editing errors and so on -- but I've left them mostly as they were when I sent them out. Just to be clear, I do believe that public relations can be done in an ethical fashion. But I also believe that the basic methods of public relations lend themselves to manipulation and were explicitly invented with the purpose of manipulating the minds of the majority so that society could be controlled for the benefit of a narrow elite. People talked that way openly until forty years ago, and anyone who doesn't believe me can read the historical books that are listed below. By "jargon" I mean the systematic application of public relations methods to the language of political debate, both by political parties and by privately funded think tanks. Jargon systematically twists language in order to subvert rational thought and reduce political discourse to the making and breaking of mental associations among vaguely defined symbols, often by means of extreme emotional manipulation -- thus the shouting. In the process, political discourse is reduced to the most primitive psychological level, and the toxic rhetoric that results can be best understood using psychological ideas such as projection. This is not an accident, given that the founder of public relations, Edward Bernays, was explicitly using techniques from psychoanalysis in his work. I believe that jargon is incompatible with democracy, not to mention mental health, and it will only retreat if citizens develop antibodies to it by learning to name it when they see it. # A Theodor W. Adorno, The Authoritarian Personality, New York: Harper, 1950. Theodor W. Adorno, The Psychological Technique of Martin Luther Thomas' Radio Addresses, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. Roger Ailes, You Are the Message: Getting What You Want by Being Who You Are, New York: Doubleday, 1988. C. Fred Alford, Group Psychology and Political Theory, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. Stephen Ansolabehere and Shanto Iyengar, Going Negative: How Attack Ads Shrink and Polarize the Electorate, New York: Free Press, 1995. Erik Asard and W. Lance Bennett, Democracy and the Marketplace of Ideas: Communication and Government in Sweden and the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. James Arnt Aune, Selling the Free Market: The Rhetoric of Economic Correctness, New York: Guilford Press, 2001. Erica Weintraub Austin and Bruce E. Pinkleton, Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Programs, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. # B J. M. Balkin, Cultural Software: A Theory of Ideology, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. Stephen P. Banks, Multicultural Public Relations: A Social-Interpretive Approach, second edition, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2000. David Barsamian and Noam Chomsky, Propaganda and the Public Mind: Conversations With Noam Chomsky, Cambridge: South End Press, 2001. Adrian Beard, The Language of Politics, London: Routledge, 2000. Mike Beard, Running a Public Relations Department, second edition, London: Kogan Page, 2001. Sharon Beder, Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism, Chelsea Green, 1998. W. Lance Bennett, The Political Mind and the Political Environment: An Investigation of Public Opinion and Political Consciousness, Lexington, MA : Lexington, 1975. W. Lance Bennett and David L. Paletz, eds, Taken by Storm: The Media, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy in the Gulf War, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. W. Lance Bennett, The Governing Crisis: Media, Money, and Marketing in American Elections, second edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996. W. Lance Bennett, News: The Politics of Illusion, third edition, White Plains, NY: Longman, 1996. W. Lance Bennett and Robert M. Entman, eds, Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy, Cambridge University Press, 2000. Edward L. Bernays, Public Relations, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952. Edward L. Bernays, Crystallizing Public Opinion, New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923. Edward L. Bernays, Propaganda, New York: Liveright, 1928. Edward L. Bernays, Speak Up for Democracy: What You Can Do -- A Practical Plan of Action for Every American Citizen, New York: Viking Press, 1940. Edward L. Bernays, Public Relations, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952. Edward L. Bernays, ed, The Engineering of Consent, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955. Michael Billig, Ideology and Social Psychology: Extremism, Moderation, and Contradiction, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Michael Billig, Ideology and Opinions: Studies in Rhetorical Psychology, London: Sage, 1991. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, The Lobbyists: How Influence Peddlers Get Their Way in Washington, New York: Times Books, 1992. Sidney Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign: Inside the World of Elite Political Operatives, Boston: Beacon Press, 1980. Jeff and Marie Blyskal, PR: How the Public Relations Industry Writes the News, New York: William Morrow, 1985. Carl Boggs, The End of Politics: Corporate Power and the Decline of the Public Sphere, New York: Guilford Press, 2000. Dwight Bolinger, Language: The Loaded Weapon, New York: Longman, 1980. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America, New York: Harper and Row, 1961. Pierre Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power, translated from the French by Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Peter Burke and Roy Porter, eds, Languages and Jargons: Contributions to a Social History of Language, Polity Press, 1995. Robert Busby, Defending the American Presidency: Clinton and the Lewinsky Scandal, Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2001. # C Craig Calhoun, ed, Habermas and the Public Sphere, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Deeds Done in Words: Presidential Rhetoric and the Genres of Governance, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. W. Glenn Campbell, The Competition of Ideas: How My Colleagues and I Built the Hoover Institution, Ottawa, IL: Jameson, 2000. Bill Cantor, ed, Experts in Action: Inside Public Relations, New York: Longman, 1984. Albert H. Cantril and Susan Davis Cantril, Reading Mixed Signals: Ambivalence in American Public Opinion About Government, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. James G. Cantrill and Christine L. Oravec, eds, The Symbolic Earth: Discourse and Our Creation of the Environment, University Press of Kentucky, 1996. Joseph N. Cappella and Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good, New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Alex Carey, Taking the Risk Out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda Versus Freedom and Liberty, edited by Andrew Lohrey, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Clarke L. Caywood, ed, The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications, McGraw-Hill, 1997. Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies, On Ideology, London: Hutchinson, 1978. Stuart Chase, Guides to Straight Thinking, With 13 Common Fallacies, New York: Harper, 1956. Wayne Clark, Activism in the Public Sphere: Exploring the Discourse of Political Participation, Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000. Kenneth Cmiel, Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Morrow, 1990. Peter A. Coclanis and Stuart W. Bruchey, eds, Ideas, Ideologies, and Social Movements: The United States Experience since 1800, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999. James E. Combs and Dan Nimmo, The New Propaganda: The Dictatorship of Palaver in Contemporary Politics, New York: Longman, 1993. Joe Conason and Gene Lyons, The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton, St. Martin's Press, 2000. William E. Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse, third edition, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Charles Conrad, Strategic Organizational Communication: An Integrated Perspective, Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1990. Timothy E. Cook, Governing With the News: The News Media As a Political Institution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Ann N. Crigler, ed, The Psychology of Political Communication, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. Cynthia Crosson, Tainted Truth: The Manipulation of Fact in America, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994. Scott M. Cutlip, The Unseen Power: Public Relations, A History, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1994. Scott M. Cutlip, Public Relations History: From the 17th to the 20th Century: The Antecedents, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. Daniel J. Czitrom, Media and the American Mind: From Morse to McLuhan, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982. # D Anthony R. DeLuca, Politics, Diplomacy, and the Media: Gorbachev's Legacy in the West, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems, New York: Holt, 1927. Eric Dezenhall, Nail 'em! Confronting High-Profile Attacks on Celebrities and Businesses, Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 1999. Robert L. Dilenschneider, ed, Dartnell's Public Relations Handbook, fourth edition, Chicago: Dartnell, 1996. Robert L. Dilenschneider, The Corporate Communications Bible: Everything You Need to Know to Become a Public Relations Expert, Beverly Hills, CA: New Millennium Press, 2000. Gary Dorrien, The Neoconservative Mind: Politics, Culture, and the War of Ideology, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993. John S. Dryzek, Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. # E Derek Edwards and Jonathan Potter, Discursive Psychology, London: Sage, 1992. Jacques Ellul, Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes, translated by Konrad Kellen and Jean Lerner, New York: Knopf, 1965. Jon Elster, ed, Deliberative Democracy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. William N. Elwood, ed, Public Relations Inquiry as Rhetorical Criticism: Case Studies of Corporate Discourse and Social Influence, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995. Stuart Ewen, PR! A Social History of Spin, New York: Basic Books, 1996. # F Dan Fagin, Marianne Lavelle, and the Center for Public Integrity, Toxic Deception: How the Chemical Industry Manipulates Science, Bends the Law, and Endangers Your Health, Birch Lane Press, 1997 Gail T. Fairhurst and Robert A. Sarr, The Art of Framing: Managing The Language of Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1996. Thomas B. Farrell, Norms of Rhetorical Culture, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Gilles Fauconnier, Mappings in Thought and Language, Cambridge University Press, 1997. James R. Fazio and Douglas L. Gilbert, Public Relations and Communications for Natural Resource Managers, third edition, Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2000. Ofer Feldman and Christ'l de Landtsheer, eds, Politically Speaking: A Worldwide Examination of Language Used in the Public Sphere, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. Edwin J. Feulner, Jr., Waging and Winning the War of Ideas, Washington: Heritage Foundation, 1986. James S. Fishkin, Democracy and Deliberation: New Directions for Democratic Reform, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. James S. Fishkin, The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995. Alec Foege, The Empire God Built: Inside Pat Robertson's Media Machine, Wiley, 1996. Amy Fried, Muffled Echoes: Oliver North and the Politics of Public Opinion, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Robert V. Friedenberg, Communication Consultants in Political Campaigns: Ballot Box Warriors, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. Fred M. Frohock, Public Reason: Mediated Authority in the Liberal State, Cornell University Press, 2000. # G William A. Gamson, Talking Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Oscar H. Gandy, Jr., Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy, Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1982. John Gastil, By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy Through Deliberative Elections, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. James Paul Gee, The Social Mind: Language, Ideology, and Social Practice, Bergin and Garvey, 1992. James Paul Gee, Glynda Hull, and Colin Lankshear, The New Work Order: Behind the Language of the New Capitalism, Westview, 1997. Alexander L. George, Propaganda Analysis: A Study of Inferences Made From Nazi Propaganda in World War II, Evanston: Row, Peterson, 1959. George Gerbner, Hamid Mowlana, Herbert I. Schiller, eds, Invisible Crises: What Conglomerate Control of Media Means for America and the World, Boulder: Westview Press, 1996. George Gerbner, The Future of Media: Digital Democracy or More Corporate Control, Seven Stories Press, 2000. James M. Glass, Delusion: Internal Dimensions of Political Life, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. James M. Glass, Private Terror/Public Life: Psychosis and the Politics of Community, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989. James M. Glass, Psychosis and Power: Threats to Democracy in the Self and the Group, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Theodore L. Glasser and Charles T. Salmon, eds, Public Opinion and the Communication of Consent, New York: Guilford Press, 1995. Jordan Goldman, Public Relations in the Marketing Mix: Introducing Vulnerability Relations, Chicago: Crain, 1984. Kenneth M. Goldstein, Interest Groups, Lobbying, and Participation in America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Luigi Graziano, Lobbying, Pluralism, and Democracy, Houndmills, UK: St. Martin's Press, 2001. David Green, Shaping Political Consciousness: The Language of Politics in America from McKinley to Reagan, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987. Edward A. Grefe and Martin Linsky, The New Corporate Activism: Harnessing the Power of Grassroots Tactics for Your Organization, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Anne Gregoy, Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaigns, second edition, London: Kogan Page, 2000. James E. Grunig and Todd Hunt, Managing Public Relations, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984. Larissa A. Grunig, Elizabeth Lance Toth, and Linda Childers Hon, Women in Public Relations: How Gender Influences Practice, New York: Guilford Press, 2001. # H Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Thomas Burger, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989. Nicky Hager and Bob Burton, Secrets and Lies: The Anatomy of an Anti-Environmental PR Campaign, Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 2000. Daniel C. Hallin, We Keep America on Top of the World: Television Journalism and the Public Sphere, London: Routledge, 1994. Susan Harding, The Book of Jerry Falwell: Fundamentalist Language and Politics, Princeton University Press, 2000. Roderick P. Hart, Campaign Talk: Why Elections Are Good for Us, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Robert L. Heath, ed, Strategic Issues Management: How Organizations Influence and Respond to Public Interests and Policies, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988. Robert L. Heath, ed, Handbook of Public Relations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001. David Helvarg, The War Against the Greens: The "Wise-Use" Movement, the New Right and Anti-Environmental Violence, Sierra Club Books, 1994. Jerry A. Hendrix, Public Relations Cases, fifth edition, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001. Susan Herbst, Reading Public Opinion: How Political Actors View the Democratic Process, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books, 1988. Paul S. Herrnson, Ronald G. Shaiko, and Clyde Wilcox, eds, The Interest Group Connection: Electioneering, Lobbying, and Policymaking in Washington, Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1998. John W. Hill, The Making of a Public Relations Man, Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books, 1993. Christopher Hitchens, Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere, London: Verso, 2000. Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress, Language as Ideology, second edition, London: Routledge, 1993. Godfrey Hodgson, The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics, and Other Essays, New York: Knopf, 1965. Geert Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. William Hummel and Keith Huntress, The Analysis of Propaganda, New York: Sloane, 1949. Todd Hunt and James E. Grunig, Public Relations Techniques, Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace, 1994. # I # J Robert Jackall, Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Robert Jackall, ed, Propaganda, New York: New York University Press, 1995. Robert Jackall and Janice M. Hirota, Image Makers: Advertising, Public Relations, and the Ethos of Advocacy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising, third edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman, eds, Electing the President, 2000: The Insiders' View, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. Gareth S. Jowett and Victoria O'Donnell, Propaganda and Persuasion, third edition, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1999. # K John Keane, The Media and Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. Sam Keen, Faces of the Enemy: Reflections of the Hostile Imagination, San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1986. Stanley Kelley, Professional Public Relations and Political Power, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1956. Douglas Kellner, Media Culture: Cultural Studies, Identity, and Politics Between the Modern and the Postmodern, London: Routledge, 1995. Douglas Kellner, Grand Theft 2000: Media Spectacle and a Stolen Election, Rowman and Littlefield, 2001. Robert Kendall, Public Relations Campaign Strategies: Planning for Implementation, Addison-Wesley, 1996. Otto F. Kernberg, Ideology, Conflict and Leadership in Groups and Organizations, Yale University Press, 1998. Russ Kick, ed, You Are Being Lied To: The Disinformation Guide To Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths, RSUB, 2001. Richard Kittredge and John Lehrberger, eds, Sublanguage: Studies of Language in Restricted Semantic Domains, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1982. Ken Kollman, Outside Lobbying: Public Opinion and Interest Group Strategies, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Neil J. Kressel, ed, Political Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Readings, New York: Paragon House, 1993. Paul V. Kroskrity, ed, Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities and Identities, School of American Research Press, 2000. James H. Kuklinski, ed, Citizens and Politics: Perspectives from Political Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Gideon Kunda, Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992. Howard Kurtz, Spin Cycle: Inside the Clinton Propaganda Machine, New York: Free Press, 1998. # L Ernesto Laclau, The Populist Reason, Verso, 2002. Anthony Simon Laden, Reasonably Radical: Deliberative Liberalism and the Politics of Identity, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know that Liberals Don't, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Jacob M. Landau, ed, Language and Politics: Theory and Cases, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1999. Jorge Larrain, The Concept of Ideology, London: Hutchinson, 1979. John A. Ledingham and Stephen D. Bruning, eds, Public Relations as Relationship Management: A Relational Approach to the Study and Practice of Public Relations, Mahwah: Erlbaum, 2000. Alfred McClung Lee and Elizabeth Briant Lee, eds, The Fine Art of Propaganda: A Study of Father Coughlin's Speeches, New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1939. Alfred McClung Lee, How to Understand Propaganda, New York: Rinehart, 1952. Philip Lesly, Overcoming Opposition: A Survival Manual for Executives, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984. Philip Lesly, ed, Lesly's Handbook of Public Relations and Communications, fourth edition, New York: American Management Association, 1991. Jacquie L'Etang and Magda Pieczka, Critical Perspectives in Public Relations, London: International Thomson Business Press, 1996. Justin Lewis, Constructing Public Opinion: How Political Elites Do What They Like and Why We Seem to Go Along With It, New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. Charles E. Lindblom, The Intelligence of Democracy: Decision Making Through Mutual Adjustment, New York: Free Press, 1965. Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, New York: Macmillan, 1922. George C. Lodge, Ideology and National Competitiveness: An Analysis of Nine Countries, Harvard Business School Press, 1987. Burdett Loomis, The New American Politician: Ambition, Entrepreneurship, and the Changing Face of Political Life, New York: Basic Books, 1988. Leo Lowenthal and Norbert Guterman, Prophets of Deceit: A Study of the Techniques of the American Agitator, New York: Harper, 1949. Catherine A. Lutz and Lila Abu-Lughod, eds, Language and the Politics of Emotion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Gene Lyons, Fools for Scandal: How the Media Invented Whitewater, New York: Franklin Square Press, 1996. # M Stephen Macedo, ed, Deliberative Politics: Essays on Democracy and Disagreement, New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Bill Mallinson, Public Lies and Private Truths: An Anatomy of Public Relations, London: Cassell, 1996. John Anthony Maltese, Spin Control: The White House Office of Communications and the Management of Presidential News, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. Jarol B. Manheim, All of the People All the Time: Strategic Communication and American Politics, Armonk, NY: Sharpe, 1991. Jarol B. Manheim, Strategic Public Diplomacy and American Foreign Policy: The Evolution of Influence, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Jarol B. Manheim, The Death of a Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Contemporary Attack on the Corporation, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2001. Roland Marchand, Creating the Corporate Soul: The Rise of Public Relations and Corporate Imagery in American Big Business, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Fran R. Matera and Ray J. Artigue, Public Relations Campaigns and Techniques: Building Bridges Into the 21st Century, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. David R. Mayhew, America's Congress: Actions in the Public Sphere, James Madison Through Newt Gingrich, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000. Leon H. Mayhew, The New Public: Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Siobhan McEvoy-Levy, American Exceptionalism and US Foreign Policy: Public Diplomacy At the End of the Cold War, New York: Palgrave, 2001. Brian McNair, Journalism and Democracy: An Evaluation of the Political Public Sphere, London: Routledge, 2000. Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. Charles Miller, Politico's Guide to Political Lobbying, London: Politico's, 2000. Clyde R. Miller, The Process of Persuasion, New York: Crown, 1946. Karen S. Miller, The Voice of Business: Hill and Knowlton and Postwar Public Relations, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Mark Crispin Miller, The Bush Dyslexicon: Observations on a National Disorder, New York: Norton, 2001. Ian I. Mitroff and Warren Bennis, The Unreality Industry: The Deliberate Manufacturing of Falsehood and What It Is Doing to Our Lives, New York: Carol, 1989. Mary Anne Moffitt, Campaign Strategies and Message Design: A Practitioner's Guide from Start to Finish, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999. Kevin Moloney, Rethinking Public Relations: The Spin and the Substance, London: Routledge, 2000. Danny Moss, Dejan Vercic, and Gary Warnaby, eds, Perspectives on Public Relations Research, London: Routledge, 2000. Patricia Moy and Michael Pfau, With Malice Toward All? The Media and Public Confidence in Democratic Institutions, Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000. Claus Mueller, The Politics of Communication: A Study in the Political Sociology of Language, Socialization, and Legitimation, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. George Myerson, Rhetoric, Reason, and Society: Rationality As Dialogue, London: Sage, 1994. # N Joyce Nelson, Sultans of Sleaze: Public Relations and the Media, Toronto: Between the Lines, 1989. W. Russell Neuman, Marion R. Just, and Ann N. Crigler, Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Doug Newsom and Bob Carrell, Public Relations Writing: Form and Style, sixth edition, Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001. David Noebel and Tim F. LaHaye, Mind Siege Leader's Guide: The Battle for Truth in the New Millenium, Word, 2001. # O Marvin N. Olasky, Corporate Public Relations: A New Historical Perspective, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987. # P Jerry Palmer, Spinning into Control: News Values and Source Strategies, Leicester University Press, 2001. Jeffrey L. Pasley, "The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic, University Press of Virginia, 2001. Larry Percy, Strategies for Implementing Integrated Marketing Communications, NTC, 1997. Philip Pettit, The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society, and Politics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Uwe Poerksen, Plastic Words: The Tyranny of a Modular Language, translated by Jutta Mason and David Cayley, University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. William D. Popkin, Materials on Legislation: Political Language and the Political Process, third edition, New York: Foundation Press, 2001. Anthony R. Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Age of Propaganda: The Everyday Use and Abuse of Persuasion, revised edition, New York: Freeman, 2001. David Protess and Maxwell McCombs, eds, Agenda Setting: Readings on Media, Public Opinion, and Policymaking, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991. # Q # R Marc Raboy and Peter A. Bruck, eds, Communication For and Against Democracy, Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1989. Jack N. Rakove, ed, The Unfinished Election of 2000: Leading Scholars Examine America's Strangest Election, New York: Basic Books, 2001. Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, Trust Us, We're Experts! How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future, New York: Tarcher, 2001. Hugh Rank, ed, Language and Public Policy, Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1974. William L. Renfro, Issues Management in Strategic Planning, Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1993. Stanley A. Renshon, ed, The Political Psychology of the Gulf War: Leaders, Publics, and the Process of Conflict, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. Stanley A. Renshon and John Duckitt, eds, Political Psychology: Cultural and Crosscultural Foundations, Houndmills, UK: Macmillan, 2000. James D. Retter, Anatomy of a Scandal: The Undermining of the Clinton Presidency, General Publishing, 1998. David M. Ricci, The Transformation of American Politics: The New Washington and the Rise of Think Tanks, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. Caryl Rivers, Slick Spins and Fractured Facts: How Cultural Myths Distort the News, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996. Bruce Robbins, ed, The Phantom Public Sphere, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993. Andrew W. Robertson, The Language of Democracy: Political Rhetoric in the United States and Britain, 1790-1900, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995. Robert S. Robins and Jerrold M. Post, Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred, Yale University Press, 1997. Michael Paul Rogin, Ronald Reagan, the Movie and Other Episodes in Political Demonology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Michael Rosen, On Voluntary Servitude: False Consciousness and the Theory of Ideology, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. Stewart Halsey Ross, Propaganda for War: How the United States Was Conditioned to Fight the Great War of 1914-1918, Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1996. Ronald D. Rotunda, The Politics of Language: Liberalism as Word and Symbol, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1986. William A. Rusher, The Coming Battle for the Media: Curbing the Power of the Media Elite, New York: Morrow, 1988. Charlotte Ryan, Prime-Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroots Organizing, Boston: South End Press, 1991. Mary Ryan, Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City During the Nineteenth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. # S Charles T. Salmon, ed, Information Campaigns: Balancing Social Values and Social Change, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989. Michael J. Shapiro, Language and Political Understanding: The Politics of Discursive Practices, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. Herbert I. Schiller, Culture, Inc.: The Corporate Takeover of Public Expression, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Herbert I. Schiller, The Mind Managers, Boston: Beacon Press, 1973. Herbert I. Schiller, Information Inequality: The Deepening Social Crisis in America, New York: Routledge, 1996. Fraser P. Seitel, The Practice of Public Relations, eighth edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001. Roger W. 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