[Forwarded with permission. --DBM] --- From: "Riley, Jason" <Jason.Rileyat_private> To: "'Declan McCullagh'" <declanat_private> Subject: Jeffery Rosen on privacy Date: Mon, 18 Jun 2001 14:59:19 -0400 FYI Declan. Good piece in today's Wall Street Journal on Supreme Court decision. June 18, 2001 A Victory for Privacy By Jeffrey Rosen. Mr. Rosen, legal affairs editor of The New Republic and an associate professor of law at George Washington University, is author of "The Unwanted Gaze: The Destruction of Privacy in America," just out in paperback from Vintage. Justice Antonin Scalia is not ordinarily celebrated by liberals for his devotion to the right to privacy. But last week, he wrote a Supreme Court opinion that is an occasion for all friends of privacy to dance in the streets. In Kyllo vs. U.S., Justice Scalia held that the government acted unreasonably when it aimed a thermal imaging device at a suspect's house and surmised, from the high levels of heat on the exterior walls, that he was using heat lamps to grow marijuana inside. For a 5-4 majority, Justice Scalia declared that when government agents use surveillance technology that isn't ordinarily used by the general public to explore details of the home, the surveillance is presumptively unreasonable without a search warrant. Justice Scalia's opinion is only the latest illustration of how privacy is an issue about which liberal and conservative justices can increasingly agree. And it provides a model of how the original understanding of the Constitution can be intelligently translated to regulate electronic surveillance. This is a problem that that the court struggled with unsuccessfully for most of the 20th century. The court's first encounter with electronic searches was a 1928 case in which the government was using wiretaps to investigate a suspect bootlegger named Olmstead. Olmstead claimed that the wiretap violated the Fourth Amendment, which protects the right of the people to be secure in their "persons, houses, papers, and effects." But Chief Justice William Howard Taft disagreed. The Fourth Amendment, he said, was originally understood to forbid only searches or seizures accompanied by a physical trespass on private property, and the agents hadn't trespassed on Olmstead's property when they placed wiretaps on the phone lines in the streets near his house. In a visionary dissenting opinion, Justice Louis Brandeis noted that when the Constitution was adopted, breaking and entering into the home was the only way for the government to invade a citizen's private thoughts. But in the 1920s, subtler ways of invading privacy, such as wiretapping, made it possible for the government to invade the privacy of the home without a physical trespass. To protect the same amount of privacy that the framers of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments intended to protect, Brandeis concluded, it was necessary to prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures of conversations over the wires, even if the invasions occurred without physical trespass. In 1967, the Supreme Court appeared to accept Brandeis's argument that technologically enhanced surveillance could qualify as an unreasonable search, but it did so in a way that inadvertently undermined Brandeis's central insight. In the Katz case, government agents attached a listening device to a public telephone booth and recorded a suspect's end of the conversation without his knowledge. Overruling the Olmstead decision, the court announced that the "Fourth Amendment protects people, not places." In an influential concurring opinion, Justice John Harlan proposed the following test for determining what kind of surveillance activity should trigger the protections of the Fourth Amendment: A person must have an actual or subjective expectation of privacy, Harlan suggested, and the expectation must be one that society is prepared to accept as reasonable Harlan's test was applauded as a victory for privacy, but it soon became clear that it was entirely circular. People's subjective expectations of privacy tend to reflect the amount of privacy they experience; and as surveillance technologies grew increasingly intrusive, expectations of privacy were correspondingly diminished. In the 1980s, for example, the Supreme Court upheld the aerial surveillance of a fenced-in backyard without requiring a warrant. Since any member of the public could, hypothetically, rent a helicopter and hover over a neighbor's backyard, the court suggested, all of us have to assume the risk that the police might do so, too. Using the same circular logic in his dissenting opinion in the Kyllo case, Justice John Paul Stevens would have approved the use of the thermal imaging devices. Since we voluntary put out heat waves in the same way that we put out the trash, Justice Stevens suggested, we can't legitimately expect that our heat waves won't be monitored by what he aptly called "off the wall" heat-seeking devices. But in his majority opinion, Justice Scalia rejected this implausible logic. "The question we confront today is what limits there are upon this power of technology to shrink the realm of guaranteed privacy," Justice Scalia wrote. Far from revealing only public information, the heat sensors might disclose intimate details of the home, such as "at what hour each night the lady of the house takes her daily sauna and bath." To protect the same amount of privacy in the 21st century that citizens in the 18th century took for granted, Justice Scalia held the government should get a warrant before using cutting-edge technology to obtain information about the interior of a home that, 200 years ago, would have required a physical intrusion. Justice Scalia has been a consistent defender of the privacy of the home -- refusing to allow the police to move a stereo to observe its serial number, for example. But he is not the only conservative justice devoted to privacy. Justice Clarence Thomas is the leading advocate for the privacy of private papers: In the case last year that rejected Ken Starr's decision to subpoena Webster Hubbell's tax records after granting him immunity, Justice Thomas wrote a bold concurring opinion arguing that the Fifth Amendment should protect the content of private papers, as it was originally understood to do. Justice Anthony Kennedy is especially concerned about people's privacy in their cars -- perhaps because of his upbringing in California. And Justice Sandra Day O'Connor recently wrote a powerful dissenting opinion in which she argued that the Fourth Amendment should prohibit arrests for low-level misdemeanors, such as seat-belt offenses, that are ordinarily punished only by a fine. In all these cases, conservatives and liberal justices have joined in unexpected alliances, proving that on the Supreme Court, as on Capitol Hill, privacy is a cross-cutting, bipartisan issue. The Kyllo opinion is only the beginning of the court's efforts to translate the Constitution into a technological age. Justice Scalia held that surveillance of the home requires a warrant only when the technology is not generally in public use. As invasive technologies become more commonplace, the court may have to decide that there are certain invasions no citizen in a civilized society should endure, regardless of whether expectations of privacy have been diminished by technology. And Justice Scalia's opinion is limited to the home, leaving us vulnerable to the kind of surveillance in public places that spectators at the Tampa Super Bowl recently experienced: Their faces were scanned as they entered the stadium and compared with databases of suspected wrongdoers. But although Kyllo is only a first step in successfully translating the original understanding of the Constitution into the electronic age, it is welcome and long overdue. For this, we have Justice Scalia to thank. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- POLITECH -- Declan McCullagh's politics and technology mailing list You may redistribute this message freely if you include this notice. To subscribe, visit http://www.politechbot.com/info/subscribe.html This message is archived at http://www.politechbot.com/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------
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